射频加热技术在粮食储藏与加工中应用研究进展

粮食的储藏与加工是保障国家粮食安全的重要环节。射频技术凭借具有穿透深度大、加热迅速、整体加热、无化学残留等特点,已广泛应用于粮食产后研究,并在部分领域工业化应用前景广阔。为深入了解射频加热技术在粮食储藏与加工中应用研究进展,本文首先对射频技术展开概述,阐述了射频加热的基本原理,并对目前商业化应用的射频加热系统的类型与特点进行介绍;从粮食与储粮害虫的介电特性、储粮害虫的耐热性和粮食的加热均匀性改善三个方面概述了目前射频在粮食储藏与加工中的基础研究;在此基础上,结合生产中面临的实际问题对该技术在粮食产后杀虫、灭菌、钝酶和干燥等方面的应用进行了总结;最后,就该技术应用于粮食储藏与加工尚存的问题与未来研究方向提出了建议。本文可为射频技术在粮食储藏与加工中的应用研究提供指导作用。     

Tissue Doppler Imaging and Two-dimensional Speckle Tracking of Left Ventricular Function in Horses Affected with Recurrent Airway Obstruction before and after Clenbuterol Treatment

Cardiac effects of the β₂-adrenergic agent clenbuterol have been the focus of many studies, but effects on myocardial velocities and myocardial deformation parameters have not yet been evaluated in horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and two-dimensional speckle tracking (2DST). In our study, 7 horses affected by RAO were treated over 14 days with clenbuterol, 0.8 μg/kg every 12 hours. Standard echocardiographic, TDI (pulsed wave and color TDI), and 2DST examinations were performed before and after the treatment period. Myocardial function was recorded in the right parasternal short-axis view. Percent of fractional shortening and two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) measurements did not show any significant changes after 2 weeks of treatment. Early diastolic velocity, E, increased significantly after clenbuterol in the left ventricular free wall (LVFW; P = .001). The E/late diastolic velocity (A) quotient (P = .003) and the isovolumetric contractility (P = .035) also increased significantly after treatment. Time parameters, particularly the time interval between the Q-wave in the echocardiograph and atrial release, the time of diastole and Tei index (parameter of global ventricular function), decreased significantly after clenbuterol administration in the LVFW (P = .014/P = .028/P = .015, respectively). The 2DE speckle tracking revealed a significant increase of the early diastolic systolic strain rate (P = .01) in the LVFW after therapy. In conclusion, 2 weeks of treatment with clenbuterol at a dosage of 0.8 μg/kg every 12 hours led to improved cardiac function in severely RAO-affected horses. This could be a sign of myocardial restoration (re-remodeling) after therapy.     

Expression Pattern of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Canine Folliculogenesis and its Effect on the Growth and Development of Follicles after Ovarian Organ Culture

In this study, the expressions of VEGF in dog follicles were detected by immunohistochemistry and the effects of VEGF treatment on the primordial to primary follicle transition and on subsequent follicle progression were examined using a dog ovary organ culture system. The frozen‐thawed canine ovarian follicles within slices of ovarian cortical tissue were cultured for 7 and 14 days in presence or absence of VEGF. After culture, the ovaries were fixed, sectioned, stained and counted for morphologic analysis. The results showed that VEGF was expressed in the theca cells of antral follicles and in the granulosa cells nearest the oocyte in preantral follicle but not in granulosa cells of primordial and primary follicles; however, the VEGF protein was expressed in CL. After in vitro culture, VEGF caused a decrease in the number of primordial follicles and concomitant increase in the number of primary follicles that showed growth initiation and reached the secondary and preantral stages of development after 7 and 14 days. Follicular viability was also improved in the presence of VEGF after 7 and 14 days in culture. In conclusion, treatment with VEGF was found to promote the activation of primordial follicle development that could provide an alternative approach to stimulate early follicle development in dogs.     

Effect of idazoxan on permeability of blood-brain barrier and expression of MMP-9/TIMP-1 in mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

AIM：To study the effect of idazoxan (IDA) on the permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) in mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).METHODS：Female C57BL/6 mice (n=36) were randomly divided into control group, EAE group and IDA group, with 12 mice in each group. EAE was induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55). IDA (2 mg/kg, ip, bid) was administered for 15 d after immunization. The neurological defects of the mice were observed daily and scored. The pathological changes were observed under microscope with HE staining and LFB myelin staining. The BBB permeability was detected by Evans blue extravasation. The expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the brain of EAE mice was determined by Western blotting.RESULTS：Compared with EAE group, the score of neurological defects in IDA group was decreased, the inflammation was relieved, the BBB permeability was reduced, and the expression MMP-9 and the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 were decreased (P<0.05).CONCLUSION：The neuroprotective effect of IDA on mouse EAE might be related to the down-regulation of MMP-9 and the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1, thus reducing the degradation of BBB and the permeability of BBB, and ameliorating the pathologic process of EAE.     

油菜素内酯对香蕉不定芽增殖的影响

以香蕉不定芽为材料,MS+6-BA 4.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.2 mg·L-1为基本培养基,采用单因素试验设计方法,研究油菜素内酯对香蕉不定芽增殖及酶活性变化的影响。结果表明,随着香蕉不定芽的形成,不加油菜素内酯,SOD活性逐渐下降,然后急剧上升;POD活性先上升,然后不断下降。油菜素内酯处理下SOD活性总体呈下降-上升-下降的变化规律,POD活性呈下降-上升-下降的规律。培养基中加入0.3 mg·L-1油菜素内酯的香蕉不定芽中的可溶性糖(3.73 mg·g-1)、脯氨酸含量(67.10μg·g-1)和株高(5.00 cm)都显著高于其他处理。     

百合鳞茎不定芽诱导与增殖配方优化

以百合‘辛普隆’(‘Simplon’)和‘黄色风暴’(Lilium‘Yelloween’)的鳞茎为材料,MS为基本培养基,在(25±2)℃,暗培养下,采用正交试验设计方法研究百合鳞茎不定芽的诱导与增殖。结果表明:①NAA 0.2 mg·L-1有利于‘辛普隆’鳞茎诱导,诱导率80.21%,平均诱导鳞茎2.86个;②NAA 0.4 mg·L-1有利于‘黄色风暴’鳞茎诱导,诱导率46.41%,平均诱导鳞茎2.40个;③蔗糖是影响‘辛普隆’鳞茎增殖主要因子,6-BA是影响‘黄色风暴’鳞茎增殖的主要因子;④MS+6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1+NAA 0.1 mg·L-1+Ad 5 mg·L-1+蔗糖60 g·L-1组合有利于‘辛普隆’鳞茎增殖,增殖率2.22;MS+6-BA 1.5 mg·L-1+NAA 0.1 mg·L-1+Ad 10.0 mg·L-1+蔗糖40 g·L-1有利于‘黄色风暴’鳞茎增殖,增殖率4.5。     

Effects of the protein/carbohydrate ratio of extruded diets on protein synthesis, protein growth and body composition in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta)

High levels of protein in fish feeds result in higher costs and nitrogen waste. Therefore, studies focused on protein substitution by alternative energy sources are necessary. Here we examine whether the protein:carbohydrate ratio in extruded diets affects protein-turnover parameters and the main tissue components in brown trout. Juvenile fish were adapted to two extruded diets: one higher in protein and lower in carbohydrate, C: 45/28 and the other higher in carbohydrate and lower in protein, HC: 37/40. Gross energy was 19 MJ kg⁻¹ DM in both diets. Protein and lipid digestibility were high and similar in both groups (≈90%), whereas total and carbohydrate digestibility and digestible energy were lower in the HC-fed group than in the C-fed group. Consequently, when fish were adapted to the diets, plasma levels of glucose and insulin differed between diets. HC-group presented higher plasma glucose levels and lower plasma insulin levels than C-group. Protein synthesis rates in white muscle, liver and whole body did not differ significantly between diets. In contrast, protein accretion rate of white muscle and whole body were significantly lower in the HC group, indicating an increase of protein degradation in these tissues and a decrease of synthesis retention efficiency. In spite of the daily protein intake of HC group was lower than C-group, the anabolic stimulation efficiency was increased by 34% in HC group. Protein and lipid contents in white muscle and liver were stable throughout the experiment. No hepatomegalia or increased fat deposition was observed in fish fed HC. Differences in specific growth rates (C: 0.88%; HC: 0.77%) were associated more with the lower protein consumption rate and the lower level of digestible energy in fish fed HC than with the higher dietary carbohydrate content of the diet.     

紫秆海芋组织培养技术研究

用植物组织培养方法建立紫秆海芋快繁体系,结果表明:紫秆海芋外植体诱导成活最好的部位是芽,外植体诱导愈伤组织最佳培养配方是:MS+BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 1.5 mg/L+碳粉3 g/L,诱导成活率高达100%,并且无污染;愈伤组织诱导成苗的最佳配方是:MS+TDZ 2.0 mg/L+NAA 1.0 mg/L,诱导成苗率为100%;继代增殖的最佳配方是:MS+BA 1.5 mg/L+KT 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+琼脂5.8 g/L,增殖率410%,并且植株长势良好;生根培养的最佳配方是:MS+BA 0.2 mg/L+NAA 1.0 mg/L+IBA 1.0 mg/L,并且平均根数、平均根长、平均根粗3个数值较理想。     

木薯试管微型薯与田间块根的结构发育比较

以华南8号木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz cv.South China 8)无菌苗嫩茎为材料,采用植物组织培养方法获得试管微型薯,利用组织解剖学及组织化学方法研究木薯试管微块根(微型薯)的形态结构发育以及田间木薯块根形态结构发育,结果表明:木薯在组培条件下形成的微型薯没有次生结构的分化,微型薯的膨大在结构上表现为初生根皮层细胞体积的增大以及细胞间隙的增加。而田间块根的膨大在结构上表现为次生结构的产生以及大量淀粉的积累;组培微型薯和田间块根淀粉积累相比,存在时间上和空间上的差异,早期生长的微型薯没有淀粉的积累,生长5~10 d后在皮层薄壁细胞可见淀粉粒分布。而田间生长的木薯块根的淀粉是在初生根产生次生结构后就开始积累,淀粉主要积累在次生木质部,少部分分布于皮层薄壁细胞和韧皮部。     

欧洲水仙的繁殖技术研究

[目的]研究欧洲水仙的繁殖技术,为欧洲水仙的种质资源栽培提供依据。[方法]在查阅相关资料的基础上,系统介绍欧洲水仙的4种主要的繁殖方式：侧球繁殖、鳞片繁殖、双鳞片繁殖以及组织培养繁殖,并对4种繁殖方式进行简单比较。[结果]鳞片扦插方法操作较简单,但繁殖材料易污染腐烂,且扦插用材料较组织培养多,繁殖系数低。用组织培养方法进行快速繁殖,环境相对容易控制,污染率低,且所需材料少,繁殖系数高。[结论]组织培养方法极大地提高了水仙的繁殖速度。